Biomaterial Scaffolds in Regenerative Endodontic Treatments: Host-Derived, Natural, and Synthetic Approaches: A Review

Abstract

Regenerative endodontic treatments (RETs), which focus on biologically based regeneration with respect to the pulp-dentin complex instead of just infection control, have emerged as revolutionary approaches to treating necrotic immature permanent teeth. For regenerative methods to be efficient, growth factor-enriched scaffolds are necessary. In the case when combined with stem cells as well as signaling molecules, such scaffolds provide a supportive environment that drives the fundamental tissue engineering procedures in the case. Autologous scaffolds derived from patient blood, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), and concentrated growth factor (CGF), are prized for their biological activity and ease of preparation. Additionally, natural biomaterials mimicking extracellular matrix and are biocompatible, including alginate, collagen, hyaluronic acid and chitosan, promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Clinical adaptability requires customizable mechanical qualities and degradation rates, which are provided by synthetic scaffolds, like polymers, hydrogels, and cements depending on calcium silicate. There includes discussion regarding challenges including fibrous tissue growth in place of true pulp, microbial persistence, and incomplete regeneration. The main goal of this study is to provide an overview related to the many types as well as biological characteristics of biomaterial scaffolds utilized in pulpal regeneration. Examine the limitations and clinical efficacy regarding synthetic, natural, and host-derived scaffolds. Emphasize developments in scaffold fabrication technologies, such as nanotechnology and 3D bioprinting. Discuss the difficulties and potential paths for improving scaffold-mediated regenerative protocols. The method was used in this stury utilizing the Google Scholar, Pub Med, and Research Gate database, a thorough English-language search of published resources has been conducted from 2007 to December 2024. Through promoting biological regeneration related to the pulp-dentin complex, the application of growth factor-enriched scaffolds in regenerative endodontics provides a significant advancement above conventional treatment. Different scaffold types—synthetic, natural and host-derived—present different advantages and difficulties. Scaffold clinical potential and design are being advanced by innovations such as nanotechnology, 3D bioprinting, and stem cell homing. The growth Factor-Enriched Scaffolds, Regenerative Endodontic Treatments (RETs), 3D Bioprinting, Dental Pulp Regeneration, Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs).