Gut Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Insights into Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Review

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes T1D and type 2 diabetes T2D, two metabolic disorders that are common throughout the world, have different pathophysiologies but increasingly similar characteristics. Recent findings demonstrate how important the gut microbiota is in regulating immunological and metabolic processes associated with both forms of diabetes. In light of host-related variables such age, sex, genetics, method of birth, nutrition, and antibiotic use, this study investigates the role that microbial dysbiosis plays in the development and progression of T1D and T2D. Different microbial signatures linked to diabetes states have been found in both human and animal investigations. These signatures are frequently characterized by decreased diversity and an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and beneficial bacteria. Additionally, included are the potential therapeutic benefits of microbiota-targeted therapies, such as dietary modification, fecal microbiota transplantation [FMT], probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotic, and medications like metformin. Novel approaches to diabetes prevention, diagnosis, and treatment through microbial manipulation are made possible by an understanding of the gut-diabetes axis.