Assessment of Major Risk Factors for Hepatitis B and C among Patients in Wasit Governorate, Iraq

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus remain significant public health issues worldwide, especially in developing countries like Iraq, where awareness and access to healthcare are limited. These infections often progress silently, increasing the risk of late diagnosis and further transmission. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of HBV and HCV among patients in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted between December 2024 and April 2025 across six major hospitals in Wasit. Patients with confirmed HBV or HCV infection were included. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that covered demographic information, clinical features, and behavioral risk exposures. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v29. Hepatitis B, C virus was found to be more prevalent than HCV among the participants. Most cases were among young adults aged 20–29 years, with a higher proportion of males, married individuals, and those with low socioeconomic status. Common risk factors included sharing personal hygiene tools (e.g., nail clippers, towels), unprotected sexual activity, and traditional practices like cupping. Many participants reported mild or no symptoms at onset, which contributed to delayed diagnosis. No significant associations were found between most socio-demographic variables and the type of hepatitis, except for a few behavioral practices. The study highlights the silent nature of hepatitis B and C infections and the need for improved public health awareness. Targeted interventions focusing on hygiene education, safe sexual practices, and the regulation of traditional healing methods are essential to reduce the spread of HBV and HCV in Wasit Governorate.