Review of Mechanical Behavior, Biomaterial and Osseointegration of Lower Limb Implant

Abstract

Osseointegration prostheses are a short titanium rod or screw is surgically inserted into the bone of the amputee's remaining limb as a part of the osseointegration process. As the bone matures and integrates with the implant over time, a solid and reliable connection is made. The prosthetic limb is then joined to the implant, creating a stable and long-lasting connection. Biomaterials play a critical role in the design of prosthetic limbs, especially for lower limb amputees. Materials like titanium, ceramics, and polymers are widely used due to their mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Titanium, for instance, is favored in bone-anchored prostheses because it provides greater stability and comfort compared to traditional socket-based prosthetics. Although ceramics are relatively brittle, they are used in low-stress areas of the body due to their ability to promote bone growth. Technological advancements such as 3D printing and surface modifications have enhanced the performance of prosthetic limbs, increasing adaptability and improving patients' quality of life. Simulation software is also used to investigate mechanical stresses and are expecting the long-term overall performance of prosthetic implants before real-life trials. Despite large progress on this field, similarly research is needed to enhance the capability of prosthetic limbs and produce them towards natural limb motion. The paper aims to update current knowledge on lower limb prosthetic implant design, materials, and integration processes, highlighting technological advancements and areas requiring further investigation for improved patient outcomes.